Morocco's King Bears the Title Amir al-Muminin (Commander of the Faithful) Giving the Moroccan Monarchy a Unique Theocratic Religious Legitimacy Distinct From All Other Arab Monarchies; The Andalusian Music Tradition al-Ala Was Brought to Fes by Refugees From the 1492 Expulsion of Muslims and Jews From Spain and Is Still Performed in Three Regional Schools; Fes Is Arguably the Most Important Single City in the Spiritual Life of West African Islam Through the Tijaniyya Sufi Order With 100-150 Million Adherents

Morocco's Amir al-Muminin title giving unique theocratic legitimacy; the al-Ala Andalusian music tradition preserved in three Moroccan regional schools after the 1492 expulsion; Fes as the most important city in West African Islam through the Tijaniyya order; the Ramadan medina with cannon-fire iftar, harira soup, and souks open until 3am; the attarine herbalist market and traditional Moroccan pharmacopoeia including habba sawda (nigella sativa); and Fes as the only city in the world that hosts the world's oldest university, the headquarters of a 150-million-member Sufi order, and the world's largest medieval living medina simultaneously.